Concern over retrofitting coal-fired power stations to reduce pollution:

Eskom is not complying with the National Environmental Management Air Quality Act, which presents the threat of a number of coal power plants having to shut down in the next year, according to a new report by the department of public enterprises. 

The Act requires all power stations to comply with air quality standards, as noted in Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan’s annual performance report released last week, in which he raised concerns about Eskom’s non-compliance with the national emissions standards.

The report said the failure to comply with the Act has resulted in Eskom requiring time-consuming and costly refurbishment with flue-gas desulphurisation technology and other equipment to ensure the plants become compliant.

Flue-gas desulphurisation technology removes sulphur dioxide from exhaust flue gases produced by coal-fired power plants.

Eskom’s power plants must adhere to international best practices for emissions control, including the use of advanced pollution control technologies, continuous monitoring and transparent reporting to minimise the effects on the environment, the state-owned enterprise’s sustainability report said.

Coal retrofits

To tackle these concerns, the department of mineral resources and energy’s draft 2023 Integrated Resource Plan, the energy blueprint, proposes that South Africa invests in coal retrofit technology. This involves installing pollution reduction technology that enhances existing coal-fired power plants to boost efficiency, lower emissions and comply with environmental regulations and energy policies.

With 10 coal-fired power plants reaching the end of their design life by 2030, more than 10 000 megawatts will be lost. The department said the retrofitting technology was the best-case scenario in expanding the plants’ life expectancy. 

This is in line with a report commissioned by the treasury, which recommends that Eskom’s old power plants be retrofitted to comply with acceptable pollution levels.

Titus Mathe, chief executive of the South African National Energy Development Institute, supported the retrofitting suggestion, adding that it would be instrumental in providing base load — the minimum energy needed — while the country expands the electricity grid to allow the use of renewable energy.

Gordhan’s report said there was an urgent need to ramp up investments in transmission infrastructure, building new substations and fortifying existing ones.

“By 2032, an estimated 14 200km of extra-high-voltage lines and 170 transformers will need to be added to the grid. However, achieving this ambitious infrastructure expansion by the designated deadline presents a formidable obstacle,” according to the report.

It warned that the government’s plan to extend the lifespan of the coal plant fleet could imperil investment prospects, given investors’ aversion to funding coal-related initiatives. 

In a parliamentary response last year, Gordhan said the public enterprises department estimated the cost of a full retrofit and refurbishment of coal-fired power stations to meet emissions standards at a staggering R400 billion. He added that the process would necessitate long periods of plants being shut down.

He added that retrofitting for life extension would require a minimum of two years, and that flue gas desulphurisation retrofits could take up to seven years to finalise.

Gordhan added that these efforts would diminish the energy supply, potentially worsening the existing supply shortfall that is causing load-shedding.

In their comments on the draft Integrated Resource Plan, which the Life After Coal campaign and the Black Girls Rising programme recently submitted to the mineral resources and energy department, the activists bemoaned the department’s plan for retrofitting coal-fired power stations.

They argued that carbon capture storage (CCS) technology “would not solve the emission problem because they are energy-intensive, requiring significant resources to power them, which can increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from coal mining and transport”. 

“It’s estimated that power plants might need to burn up to 43% more coal just to run CCS, which also reduces plant efficiency by at least 10%. Secondly, some common CCS methods can release harmful chemicals into the air, including formaldehyde, ammonia, and mercury,” they said.

The report said to avoid the financial implications, the country should take advantage of the large-scale renewable energy generation, particularly in solar photovoltaic and onshore wind projects because delays in these programmes pose potential risks to South Africa’s power supply.

“These disruptions add cost to industrial customers that need to complement grid power with self-generation assets, most of which are diesel-based while remaining exposed to retail tariffs that can be increased by local utilities,” the reports said.

– The Mail & Guardian

Four years later: The early part of Covid-19 lockdowns was the weirdest of times:

It was around this time that the grim realities of the hard Covid-19 lock-down set in for many of us. Face masks. No booze. “Family meetings.” Food shortages and the associated social media panic. 

Fears about the health of ageing parents; fears about how soon it would take to throttle the home-from-school kids. Fears about whether your next breath was going to be your last one.

There was a whole new vocabulary to get used to. It spread with viral speed, attacking everything. Think of “social distancing”, and “hand sanitiser”; think of recycled shopping bags and the mixed blessings — often hilarious — of Zoom meetings.

“Can you see me Arnold, I can’t see you!”

“Is this the link? Do I just click? And then I can see you!”

For me, personally, beaches played a small but important part in my Covid-19 story. When I was so fatigued that I was unable to walk across a small beach (the dogs bounded across with ease) I realised that something was up. 

Something was. I was “positive”, an irony I seldom tired — not true, actually — of telling my friends about, because my first vaccination was only days away when I first came down with the plague.

Before I couldn’t cross the beach without pausing for breath, I snuck out and crossed the beach without thinking. In the early stages of lockdown, when I had the beach to myself, I marvelled at everything. How pristine was the beach sand? How clean and litter-free. And, suddenly, how incredibly benign the weather was.

The important thing was that no-one else was crossing the beach. They were taking social distancing to extremes and battening down the hatches, getting Woolies to deliver non-perishables and toilet paper. 

They were breathlessly exchanging banana bread recipes and bartering for booze. They were coming up with ingenious strategies for queue-jumping so they could be first to be vaccinated.

There were no footprints on the beach when I crossed it for the first time, so I experienced a Robinson Crusoe moment. I was the first man. The only man. This was how it was in the beginning, an Edenic moment of calm, peace and plenty.

At this stage of the pandemic we used to pore over our phones, gazing at the animals returning to empty parks and cities with a longing we didn’t know we had. Goats walked like celebrities down the high street in a Welsh village. Fish returned to the canals of Venice, where the water was an indescribable blue, part green, part turquoise. 

With everyone locked indoors, the natural world returned to some kind of happy balance (or so it seemed). The weather stabilised because the carbon emissions and vapour tails and general industrial desecration was no longer happening. 

While the middle-classes were ordering things from Takealot like there was no tomorrow (a very real possibility at the time) even the most brazen of us were wondering if the lockdown didn’t provide us with some lessons for living. Call it a lifestyle change. 

Did it not perhaps provide a countervailing argument to our brazen consumption? A lesson about our reliance on fossil fuels. A lesson about the distant origins of our things.

Part of learning the new Covid-19 vocabulary was beginning to come to terms with the notion of supply chains. The lockdown saw the rise not only of suburban hysteria, but the rise of self-elected suburban authorities. They were usually self-important men with not a fibre of irony or self-deprecation in their being. 

They lectured on the local Whatsapp group, telling us that if such-and-such a gizmo needed to come from China but the factories weren’t producing and the ships weren’t shipping, we might need to do without. 

It gave rise to the important question (even as we were ordering still more things off the internet) of doing without. Could we not mend our shoes? What a novel idea! Or darn our socks? Could we re-coat our frying pans instead of buying new ones? Could we consume less and so throw less away? 

Rather than buying our way out, was there some other way out?

For a pregnant month or two, it seemed as though we could. It seemed as though we might return to some sort of holy equilibrium, where overseas travel was a treat and not a right. And where we could make do with something that was still in good nick but – astonishment, shock, horror – out of fashion? 

The lockdown provided us with a prism through which we could look at our crazy lives and simplify them. It was – and no-one really talks about this anymore – a strange and special time. Although it only happened two and three years ago, so all-consuming is our contemporary amnesia that it’s as though the period never happened at all.

Yesterday I walked across the beach I couldn’t walk across just before it was confirmed that I was Covid-positive back in 2021. There have been storms here in the Cape and weather warnings, the result of global warming that slowed down during the pandemic. 

The sea was a ghastly frothy brown-green you’re not going to take smartphone photos of so you can send to family in Australia. But it was also wild and exhilarating, so good to be on the beach.

The storm had flattened the small plants and succulents on the common, near to the beach. There were bluebottles and dead crabs at the high-water mark. There was also an assortment of litter.

There were energy drink cans, bottle tops, two litre plastic bottles that once contained vile green and orange cool-drinks. The most difficult litter to pick up off the beach are the flecks of broken polystyrene cups. 

They break into pieces, many of them dastardly and small. Getting your hands around them is awkward. As the young (male) joggers thundered up and down the beach, there I was, like the parody of a pensioner, picking up litter and muttering to myself.

As I muttered, I reflected that it didn’t take long for us to — ahem, lock — back into our pre-Covid ways. If anything, we’re travelling more, if only to make up for all the travel opportunities we lost during Covid. Cars seem to be getting bigger, appetites larger still. The credit card is indeed an infernal and frightening little object.

The moment where we might have changed our ways and habits of consumption are long gone. Sort of like a fading footprint on a virgin beach.

This is not surprising, but it is sad. 

In the latter stages of the pandemic, the social discussion moved away from our consumption habits, global warming and the future. It moved towards the vaccine, and its desirability and efficacy. 

We saw the birth of the anti-vaxxing lobby, and the critique of Big Pharma. Some of it was thoughtful, academically sound, and well-argued. But most of it was gobbledegook. The early stages of lockdown saw us worry about the last banana (for the banana bread), while the latter stages saw us worry about the last vaccine. 

The idea meanwhile, as the world’s weather systems spread out of control and the wildfires rage and the ice-caps melt, that we might be the last man – or woman – is long gone. Or is it?

– The Mail & Guardian

Holy herb is a non-issue for most political parties: Only ActionSA, Rise Mzansi and the Inkatha Freedom Party have shared their thoughts on the holy herb with voters

– The Mail & Guardian

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